2.
  -2024
   
 ()
 :      :50
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.    ?              
2.       ' '       ?        

 -
3.                
4.           
 -
5.                  
6.                

2.
-
7.    ?             
       
8.               
  -2024
   
 ()
 :      :50
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.    ?              
:     :  ,   
                  

,         
     ,      ,
   ,               
   ,          ,   , 
        '  ,        
   
            -        
  ,        ,      
 
2.
   ?
                    
   '             ""
             ,   
  ()   () 
  
   ,               
 ,   , ,           
         
        
          -     ,  
    -     ,       '
             :
1.    
   ,    '      ()  
( ) ,     '     ,    

 ,        
         
  ()    ()  ,   '  
 
       '       
,   -             -
     
2.     - :  
  ,           ,    
 (, , …)   ,      :



 

2.
 

   ,       ,      
  
3.   
16
 17
  -,          
                
    ,    ,   
           
4. 20
   
         ,     
 -              
:
  :       ,      
                '
 
 :       ,     
     '  
             ,    ,  
  ,            
           |
         :
1.    :       ,     
           ,   

       ,       
2.    :      '     
                
     
2.
3.  :  -             
       ,      
  
 
4.     :              
 ,             

5.  :      '    

              
     
         
,          ,   ' 
 
     '     :
1.    :   ( ),  ( ),  
    
         
2.   :     '      ,  
  ,   -  '    ,    
  
3.     :           
      ,         
 
4.  : -   ()         
 

           


   
   21
               
            ,     
          ,       , 
  ,            

 
                

        ,      
 ,       
2.

                
           
,  -
         ,        
  
      ,          ,  
   
     ,        
 
                 
,   -      ,       
  ,           -     ,
   ,         
    
     ,       

2.       ' '       ?        

:           ' -   
 ,              ,   
     , ,        -      
          ,          
   , 18
       ( )  
   ,    ,  ,     
  -     
    
           :  
    -           
   ,    -  -         ,
              
     : ,     ,  ,    
󷊆󷊇        ?
1.    
     -   
   ,     (  ) ,   
  
2.
""    ""   ,    "   "
 ,     ,      ,  ,   
   
2. 
            
  ,       ,     
 
    ,         -
             
       
3.    
         ,       
     
   '    -        ,
        
4.    
:   ( )     
:  ,     
 : ( ),  ( ),     
 :   ;     ' 
5. 
 ,              
 - ,
- ,   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  :    
,    ,   - ,        
1.    
  -       ,    
   
  ,       ,   ( )   ( ) 

  "    "   
2.
2. 
 18
 19
           
        ,    ,   
      
3.    
   '  ,          
        ,       
  
  ( ),  (),  (-),       
4.    
 :            
  :  '  (6 )    (8 )      
 :, 
(),  - (   )   
 :        '   
5.   
  (  ):,  ,  
 :  -, ,  
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃    




     ()
      

   ( )
,    

, , 
 ,  , 
 
, 
,  , 

  , 
,  , 

,  ,  
,  ,  
 
, 
 ,  
󼩺󼩻       
                  
          ,      
      
2.
   :     
,    
                
 
    :              

     -             
  
 
 :
      ,       
           
  :          ,  
      
    ,          - ,  ,     
    
   ,   
     
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘   
    -     
        ,   
 -     , ,       
   ,    ,            

 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
1.    -  ,   ,     
,       
2.  ,        
3.    -  ,     ,   
       
4.     '   ,         
 
5.     
          
    
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
       ,         
       
 ,         
    
       
        

,      -   ,  ,      
2.
 ,  
  ,  
         ; 

  ,  
        ,   
    

,       
 
 -
3.                
:     
   
       ,  ,       
  ,       ,   ,       
   '    ,       ,    
     - , ,        
    -     , ,       
 
  ?
      -      
     
   
    ,    '     , 
              ,
 ,     - 
      ,
 , ,   ,           
  
        , ,  ,   
  ,            , 
,   ,        
  
,    ,         , 
     ,             
      -     
   
2.
1.   
          ,        

:
   :, ,         
        ,    ,   , 
              
      
    :      ,   , 
,         ,     

              
   :    ,  ,      
  ,       
     
   ,     
     
  
 
   :      , , 
,           ,     
        ,      , 
     
   :    , -      
  ,    '        
    
2.      
       ,           
       :
:    ,           
              , 
,         
 
 :             ,  
             
,     
:   ,    ,         
       '   
 :          ,   ,
              
  : -         
   ,   ,      
2.
 ,       ,    ,    
 
 
3.    
  ,    -        
     
 
 :   '            
,      ,          
' ,      
 
 :          ,   , 
           ,  
     
 
 
,         -       
4.      
                 
 ,   
   ,          
,      ,  ,         
             ,  
       
     
   ,    ,
             ,   
,     -  
 
       
    ,     :     ,  
       -         
 ,              ,  

   
   
  '         
 ,   
 ,            ,
      ,    
 -     ,  
          
2.

        -   ,   ,    
   ,     ,    ,      

   , , ,      
   
         ,        -
   ,     ,      ,
       
  ,   ,      -      
 ,  ,       ,        
   
4.           
:    ',            
,               
              (1901–1992) , 
                 
   
,       -         
     
,     ,       
   () 
           ,      
   
󷊆󷊇   
  :     1901     ,     , 
               
       ,        
     
  :    ,  ,       
               
      
  ,       
 -             

2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
   ,             
   
1.   :
o       ,     ()  
   

2.   :
o              , 
    
o     ,        
      
o        ,           
   
3.       (   ):
o     ,          
  
o  ,     ,   ,    -
(   ), -     '   

4.     (   ):
o    -        
 
o    ,         
    
 ,               -  ,
   -    ,          
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃  
  :          
 ,     ,       
    :       
    
     
  
 : , ,          , 
          
    :    -,    
 
    
 -     
󷇮󷇭    
2.
1.    
     ',       ,    
,     ,        
  
              
       
;       
 
2.   
1960    ,       ,  - 
   
   ,         

            ,   
 ,  ,   
               
 ,          
3.    
                
           
    ,         
        '  
4.      
       -       
  
       ,      , 
 
     
      
󼩺󼩻 
:       
     
      
:   
 ,     
 :    (),       
   
 :           
 
2.
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘      
     ,           
    
13   1992     ,       ,
         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
1.      ':        
   '      
2.     ':      ,  
            
3.      ':          
       
4.     ':          
, 
     
󹶜󹶟󹶝󹶞󹶠󹶡󹶢󹶣󹶤󹶥󹶦󹶧   
               
 
- , ,               
         ,       
          ,     
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
1. 1901     ,            
2.     :  ,   ,  ,  

3.        , , 
4.   ,            
5.   '   ,       

6.     ,  ,    
7. 1992      ,          
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
             
       

 -  -           
  
  ,             ,    
2.

     ,       ,   
               
 
   ,             

,        -           
 
 -
5.                  
:               
   
 -    ,      ,     
 ',         ,     ,  
     ,    
       
         ,    ,    
            
    :   
  ,               -    
   ,          
    
        ,   -        
    - , ,     
       ,    ,     ,  
 
;  ,         ( )  
        ( )    ,        
 
  (   ): '
  (   ):'  
,       -  ,      ,  
,        ()        () '
    ,        ,     
 : ,     
2.
        
1.   :   '     ,  9       
 
2.  (  ):   ,        
            
3.  :
o   (   ): ()
o   (    ): ()
4.  (  ):        SRMPN S'n DP ,  
            
       
    -    
 ,   ,     
 
 :    
,        ,       
               ,  
  '    ,            
 ,   ,  ,         

   -    ,   ,     
       ,    ()       
(  ), - (  ),   ( )   
        
  (16- )             
 ,     
 :
  : (16 )
: ()
 (     ):
2.
 ( ):SR g MPD n S'
 ( ):'    
 (  ):
   |   ' ||
'   |    ||
"    ,    "
   |   ' ||
'   |    ||
"   ,    "
  :
  -   ,          (') 
 ,     
 
     ,       
 
     PD n S' n DPM g RS   '    
 ,   ,    ( )  ()   
        
1. -  :   ,     - 
   ()    () '  , 
    , 
  
2.    :      ',      
   , -    
3.     '   :          
  , ,       ,   
 
 :       
(   ),  (), 
 ( )      ,      
   
    
        :
2.
  , ,           
    ,     -     
              ,     : 
     ,           
       ,        


      ,          
       ,       ,  
          
     
 ,  
   
  - 
,          

6.                

:   
     ( )     
     ,      ,    -
   '     -      ,  
 ,             ,  
     (     ),   
     16-      
  -     ' 
 ,     ( 
  )    ,           , 
 ( )  ,    ,         
    ,   ,  ,     ()
   ()        ,    
  --  ,          
      
󷊆󷊇    
  ():16
2.
  ():4 (4    )
  ( ):,  
  

 ():9

 ( ):    ,  ' "X"   
     :
X () 2 () 0 () 3 ()
1 2 3 4 | 5 6 7 8 | 9 10 11 12 | 13 14 15 16
 (   )
    |     |     |    
   
 ' ""     -        
        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     () 
              -   
               
  
1 2 3 4 | 5 6 7 8 | 9 10 11 12 | 13 14 15 16
    |     |     |    
 | 2 | 0 | 3
,   ()               ,   
    
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   ()   
                    
          ,     
    
 16-      
  
1 2 3 4 | 5 6 7 8
     |  
 

 | 2
9 10 11 12 | 13 14 15 16
     |  
 

2.
0 | 3
         : " "    ,   
                  
󼩺󼩻   
 ( ) :          
          ,    
 
       
  ( ):            
   ,         ( )   
         
󷇮󷇭     
1.  :
o               
  -           -   
      
o  -              
2.   :
o                
o      
()   () 
     
3.  :
o          ,   ,    
   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘   
       -       , 
 
 ,  ,           ,     
     , 
      - 
   
 ,             
             :    
         -    ,     ,
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
1.      16-  ,           
 
2.
2.   ( ):1, 5, 13; : 9
3.  :
    |     |     |    
4.     ():   ,    
5.     ():   ,      
6. :  '     ,   -    
7.  :, ,  ,       
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
                  
 '    ,      :  ,      
   ,   ""  ,        
  ,        ;    ,     
  
  ,         
 -    
   ,                
 ,     
         
;  ,
          
-
7.    ?             
       
: :     
               
   ,
               -     ,  
            ,   
             ,     
 ,              
     ,        
 -  
 ,              
  ,       
,   
    
  
2.
     
           ,    
      
           
 
  
 ;    ,    
  ,            ,    
                  
,              
  
 -    ,     ,    
     
  ,          ,  
  "    "
   
            ,  
            '   '  ,
         '  
     :
1.  :               ,  
        ,      , 
   ,        
2.  :      
       
         ,    , 
        
3.    (   ):        
  ,           

          
           ( ) 
,               
                  :
1.  
2.
               ,  
   ,         
 
:   ,  ,     '     
   ( -),  (  ),     
   :       ,      
 ,         -   
  
2.  
               ()
     ( )    
:       , ,        

   :            ,
              
3.     
      
 ,   -     
  '  
:      ,        '  

   :           , 
        '   
 
4.  
     '        ,       
                  ,
       
 
      
             
               
  ,            
       :
2.
1.         :         '    
  ,       
 
2.     :            ,  
                 
3.     :   ,   , 
  ,      
   
      ,      '      
, ,              
        '         
   
 
,               
             ( 
 )      
      
-          
      -             ,    

  ,            

 ,      
      
        ,      ,
      , , ,       
      ,    
    ,
       
   
          ,    - 
  
  ; 
  ,      
  ,     
   
2.
8.               
:16
            ( )
 
     ,              
  ,     ,          
               (1563–1606),    ,
  ,              
    '    
          
 -   ,   
              
,    
    (     )  ,   ,  
 (  )              
        
 
   --  ,        
 
󷊆󷊇    
1563        ,            
  ,    ,          ,
,    ,            

             ,   
                
      ,        ,     

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  :     
               (1604)   ,  
      
     ,   ,  -      
   - ,  ,     ,    
 
             
  
    
  31      (-)      
2.
  ()    '    ,   
   
   
,    
  :      ,        

  
?
          
       
     - , , ,         ,   
        -  
   
 
 :


   
 


   
 


      
 ,            
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   
           
,     
       
   (  )        
     
 
 , ,          '  
          ,   '   
       
    ,   ,    
󷇮󷇭  '      
           '     '   
1.      
o      ,        
 
   
o               

2.    
2.
o     ,         
  
o        
 ,     
   
3.  
o    ,          


o  ,          ,       
           
 
4.  
o            ,    
   '        
  
     
o            
󼩺󼩻   
     ,       1604      
        
    
     ,      
   2,000  ,          
      ,      
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘   
            ,       
 -  ,   ,          
:        ,      ,  
           ,      
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
1.     (1563-1606)   ,   ,    
2.    (1604)   ,  31    
3.     ,       
 ,       
4.    ,    ,    
  
5.      ( 2,000 )     

2.
6.               
   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
                 

             , 
          ,   
 
    ,             
      
     , 
      ,  
 ,   ,       
          
,         
           
 ,          , 
     
 ,        ,          
    
"                  

          ,          "